Developing Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Based Children’s Storybooks through Fry Readability for Elementary Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70232/jcsml.v2i2.40Keywords:
artificial intelligence,, Children’s Storybooks, Fry Readability, Elementary SchoolAbstract
Education in Indonesia shapes children’s character, personality, and abilities, but faces challenges like unequal access to resources, quality differences between regions, and low reading interest among children. This study aims to develop AI-based children’s storybooks through the Fry readability for elementary students. This study used the ADDIE model, which includes Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. Results showed that AI-based storybooks can improve children’s reading interest and help teachers provide support based on students’ competence. The score of Expert validation was 37 out of 40 (92.5%), and media expert validation was 52 out of 55 (94.5%). Fry readability ensures the reading level is suitable for fourth to sixth-grade students to improve the quality of elementary education in Indonesia, reduce regional quality gaps, and improve students’ academic performance. The AI-based storybooks significantly boost children’s interest in reading, address low reading engagement, assist teachers in offering more effective educational support, and help bridge educational quality gaps between different regions. The alignment with children’s cognitive development ensures engaging and developmentally appropriate content, demonstrating an innovative approach to educational tools and paving the way for further technological integration in education. Therefore, the development of AI-based children’s storybooks with the Fry readability approach not only increases children’s reading interest but also assists teachers in providing more specific support according to students’ abilities. This innovation is expected to positively impact the quality of elementary education in Indonesia, help address educational quality disparities between regions, and enhance students’ academic achievements at the national level.
Metrics
References
Alias, N., Al-Rahmi, W. M., Yahaya, N., & Al-Maatouk, Q. (2018). Big data, modelling, simulation, a computational platform and holistic approaches for the fourth industrial revolution. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4), 3722–3725. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.21244
Amdan, M. A. B., Janius, N., Saidin, M. S. B., & Kasdiah, M. A. H. B. (2025). Impact of Artificial Intelligence in TVET and STEM Education among Higher Learning Students in Malaysia. Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science, and Technology Education, 2(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.70232/jrmste.v2i1.15
Baporikar, N. (2016). Lifelong Learning in Knowledge Society. In Impact of Economic Crisis on Education and the Next-Generation Workforce (pp. 263–284). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9455-2.ch012
Birhan, W., Shiferaw, G., Amsalu, A., Tamiru, M., & Tiruye, H. (2021). Exploring the context of teaching character education to children in preprimary and primary schools. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 4(1), 100171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100171
Bus, A. G., Takacs, Z. K., & Kegel, C. A. T. (2015). Affordances and limitations of electronic storybooks for young children’s emergent literacy. Developmental Review, 35, 79–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.004
Chasokela, D. (2025). Integrating Artificial Intelligence in STEM Education: Enhancing 21st Century Skills in Zimbabwean Universities. Journal of Research in Environmental and Science Education, 2(2), 68–80. https://doi.org/10.70232/jrese.v2i2.16
Chasokela, D., & Hlongwane, J. (2025). Leveraging AI and ICT for Greener Education in the Face of Climate Change in Smart Classrooms. Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science, and Technology Education, 2(1), 36-45. https://doi.org/10.70232/jrmste.v2i1.24
Chen, L., Chen, P., & Lin, Z. (2020). Artificial Intelligence in Education: A Review. IEEE Access, 8, 75264–75278. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2988510
Chua, C. K., Wong, C. H., & Yeong, W. Y. (2017). Standards, quality control, and measurement sciences in 3D printing and additive manufacturing. Academic Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128134894/standards-quality-control-and-measurement-sciences-in-3d-printing-and-additive-manufacturing
Cruz-Jesus, F., Castelli, M., Oliveira, T., Mendes, R., Nunes, C., Sa-Velho, M., & Rosa-Louro, A. (2020). Using artificial intelligence methods to assess academic achievement in public high schools of a European Union country. Heliyon, 6(6), e04081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04081
Hapudin, M. S. (2021). Teori Belajar dan Pembelajaran: Menciptakan Pembelajaran yang Kreatif dan Efektif. Kencana.
Ibda, H. (2019). Guru Dilarang Mengajar!: Refleksi Kritis Paradigma Didik, Paradigma Ajar, dan Paradigma Belajar (A. G. Wijanarko (ed.)). ASNA Pustaka.
Johnston, P. (2024). Choice words: How our language affects children’s learning (2nd Edition). Routledge.
Kao, G. Y.-M., Tsai, C., Liu, C.-Y., & Yang, C.-H. (2016). The effects of high/low interactive electronic storybooks on elementary school students’ reading motivation, story comprehension and chromatics concepts. Computers & Education, 100, 56–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.04.013
Khusnaini, Z. N., & Nugraheni, A. S. (2020). Analisis Kesesuaian Kosa Kata Cerita Kelinci Dan Kura-Kura Menurut Teori Keterbacaan Grafik Fry. Pena Literasi, 3(2), 124–132. https://jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/penaliterasi/article/view/6672
Limpo, I. Y., Bachri, S., Ilmar, A., & Patittingi, F. (2018). Potret of Basic Education in Indonesia. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 69, 89–95.
Madekhan, M. (2021). Tantangan Pembaruan Pendidikan di Indonesia. Kuttab, 5(2), 130. https://doi.org/10.30736/ktb.v5i2.702
McGeown, S. P., Osborne, C., Warhurst, A., Norgate, R., & Duncan, L. G. (2016). Understanding children’s reading activities: Reading motivation, skill and child characteristics as predictors. Journal of Research in Reading, 39(1), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.12060
Mosae, T., & Kaushal, R. (2025). Student’s Perception of Syllabus Adoption in Higher Education; Redesigning for the Age of AI. Journal of Research in Education and Pedagogy, 2(2), 284-295. https://doi.org/10.70232/jrep.v2i2.61
Muruganantham., G. (2015). Developing Of E-Content Package By Using ADDIE Model. International Journal of Applied Research, 1(3), 52–54. http://www.allresearchjournal.com/vol1issue3/PartB/pdf/67.1.pdf
Ng, D. T. K., Luo, W., Chan, H. M. Y., & Chu, S. K. W. (2022). Using digital story writing as a pedagogy to develop AI literacy among primary students. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100054
Nugrahani, A. F., Saputri, D. S. D., Iffadah, A. D., Adiwijaya, S. N., & Andrian, F. (2024). Analisis Keterbacaan Bahan Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Pada Kelas I SD Berdasarkan Grafik Fry. JEMARI (Jurnal Edukasi Madrasah Ibtidaiyah), 6(1), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.30599/jemari.v6i1.3017
Pantula, M., & Kuppusamy, K. S. (2022). A Machine Learning-Based Model to Evaluate Readability and Assess Grade Level for the Web Pages. The Computer Journal, 65(4), 831–842. https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaa113
Sabatini, J., Graesser, A. C., Hollander, J., & O’Reilly, T. (2023). A framework of literacy development and how AI can transform theory and practice. British Journal of Educational Technology, 54(5), 1174–1203. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13342
Safiq Maulido, Popi Karmijah, & Vinanda Rahmi. (2023). Upaya Meningkatkan Pendidikan Masyarakat Di Daerah Terpencil. Jurnal Sadewa : Publikasi Ilmu Pendidikan, Pembelajaran Dan Ilmu Sosial, 2(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.61132/sadewa.v2i1.488
Samara, V., & T. Kotsis, K. (2025). The Use of STEM as a Tool for Teaching the Concept of Magnetism in Kindergarten. Journal of Research in Environmental and Science Education, 2(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.70232/jrese.v2i1.1
Sari, N. E., & Suryana, D. (2019). Thematic Pop-Up Book as a Learning Media for Early Childhood Language Development. JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 13(1), 43–57. https://doi.org/10.21009/10.21009/JPUD.131.04
Sukmawati, F., Santosa, E. B., & Rejekiningsih, T. (2023). Inovasi Media Pembelajaran Virtual Reality dalam Pendidikan (Transformasi Pendidikan Era 5.0). Pradina Pustaka. 978-623-8106-32-5
Tunde-Awe, B. M., Ogunyemi, K. O., & Olajide, S. B. (2020). English Textbook’s Readability and Junior Secondary School Students’ Performance in Reading Comprehension. African Journal of Applied Research, 6(2), 79–94. https://doi.org/10.26437/ajar.11.2020.06
Wati, N., & Gularso, D. (2022). Analysis Of The Value Of Character Education In The Fable of the Mouse Deer and His Best Friend. Elementary School: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Ke-SD-An, 9(2), 139–155. https://doi.org/10.31316/esjurnal.v9i2.2126
Yang, W. (2022). Artificial Intelligence education for young children: Why, what, and how in curriculum design and implementation. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100061
Yeo, L. S., Ong, W. W., & Ng, C. M. (2014). The Home Literacy Environment and Preschool Children’s Reading Skills and Interest. Early Education and Development, 25(6), 791–814. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2014.862147
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurul Istiq'faroh, Maryam Isnaini Damayanti, Hendratno Hendratno, Asri Susetyo Rukmi, Arie Widya Murni, Amiruddin Hadi Wibowo, Azka Faridy
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
